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Expressions

Logic expressions#

Arr.ai supports operations on "true" and "false" values. The values 0, () and {} are considered "false", while all other values are "true".

  1. expr1 if testexpr else expr2 evaluates to expr1 if testexpr is "true", or expr2 otherwise.
  2. expr1 && expr2 evaluates to expr1 if it is "true" or expr2 otherwise.
  3. expr1 || expr2 evaluates to expr1 if it is "false" or expr2 otherwise.

All above expressions exhibit short-circuit behaviours, which means that that expr2 will be evaluated if its value is needed. While the arr.ai language has no side-effects, short-circuit behaviour is still needed to terminate recursion.

Arithmetic expressions#

Arr.ai supports operations on numbers.

  1. Unary: +, -
  2. Binary:
    1. Well known: +, -, *, /, % (modulo), ^ (power)
    2. Modulo-truncation: -% (x -% y = x - x % y)
  3. Comparison operators, which may be chained: 0 <= i < 10
    1. Set membership is treated the same: 10 <= n <: validIds.

Structure access expressions#

  1. Tuple attribute: tuple.attr (string syntax is allowed, e.g.: ('👋': 42)."👋"))

  2. Dot variable attribute: .attr (shorthand for (.).attr)

  3. Function call:

    1. [2, 4, 6, 8](2) = 6, "hello"(1) = 101
    2. {"red": 0.3, "green": 0.5, "blue", 0.2}("green") = 0.5

  4. Conditional accessor syntax: allows for failures in accessing a tuple attribute or a set call, falling back on a provided expression. Any call or attribute access that ends with ? are allowed to fail.

    1. (a: 1).b?:42 = 42
    2. (a: 1).a?:42 = 1
    3. {"a": 1}("b")?:42 = 42
    4. {"a": 1}("a")?:42 = 1

    It also allows for appending access expressions:

    1. (a: {"b": (c: 2)}).a?("b").c?:42 = 2
    2. (a: {"b": (c: 2)}).a?("b").d?:42 = 42

    Not all access failures are allowed: only missing attributes of a tuple, or a set call does not return exactly one value.

    1. (a: (b: 1)).a?.b.c?:42 will fail as it will try to evaluate 1.c?:42.

  5. Function slice: (⛔ NYI)

    1. [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8](2:5) = [2, 3, 5]
    2. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6](1:5:2) = [2, 4]

Binding expressions#

The following operators bind name to something related to expr1 (details below) and evaluates expression expr2 with name in scope.

  1. let name = expr1; expr2 or expr1 -> \name expr2: Evaluates expr2 with expr1 in scope as name.
  2. expr1 => \name expr2: Transforms each element of set expr1 and evaluates to the set of results.
  3. expr1 >> \name expr2: Transforms each item of keyed-collection expr1 and evaluates to the key-collection of results, with each result being associated with the same key that the original item was. This works for any binary relation with an @ attribute, which includes strings, arrays, functions and other structures.
  4. expr1 :> \name expr2: Binds name to each value in tuple expr1, evaluates expr2 and reassociates each result with the corresponding name, producing a new tuple.

If expr1 is omitted in any of the arrow forms, . is assumed.

If \name is omitted, \. is assumed.

Relations#

Relations are sets of tuples with a common set of names across all tuples. They are analogous to SQL tables. Numerous relational operators exist that work on these structures.

Functions#

There are several flavors of functions. All functions are binary relations with one attribute called @. The other attribute can have any name, including the empty name, ''. The following are some examples of functions.

  1. Strings: "hello"(2) = 108 (l)
  2. Arrays: [10, 15, 20, 25, 30](3) = 25
  3. Lambda functions: \x 2 * x

Unlike most other languages, arr.ai are no concept of named functions, either at file level or any other scope. All functions are anonymous. A function can, of course, be bound to a name via let or ->, but, since it cannot refer to this name at the moment of assignment, this presents a challenge for implementing recursion. This problem is solved by a couple of functions in the standard library:

  1. //fn.fix is a fixed-point combinator. It is typically used to transform non-recursive functions into recursive ones, e.g.:

    let factorial = //fn.fix(\factorial (\n (1 if n < 2 else n * factorial(n - 1))));factorial(6)

  2. //fn.fixt is a variant of fix that operates on tuples of functions instead of a single function. This allows mutual recursion, e.g.:

    let eo = //fn.fixt((   even: \t \n n == 0 || t.odd (n - 1),   odd:  \t \n n != 0 && t.even(n - 1),));eo.even(6)

However, these functions are also available through the syntactic sugar in the following syntax:

  1. For regular recursive functions:
let rec factorial = \n 1 if n < 2 else n * factorial(n - 1); factorial(5)
  1. For mutual recursion:
let rec oe = (   even = \n n == 0 || oe.odd (n - 1),   odd  = \n n != 0 && oe.even(n - 1),);oe.even(6)

It is also possible to use the same syntax in a tuple.

let t = (   rec fact: \n cond n ((0, 1): 1, n: n * fact(n - 1)),   n       : 5);t.rec(t.n)

This syntactic sugar only works with expression that evaluates to either a function or a tuple of functions. Anything else and the expression will fail.

Packages#

External libraries may be accessed via package references.

  1. // Is the root of the standard library. It provides access to many packages providing a wide range of useful capabilities. The following is a small sample of the full set:
    1. //math: math functions and constants such as //math.sin and //math.pi.
    2. //str: string functions such as //str.upper and //str.lower.
    3. //fn: higher order functions such as //fn.fix and //fn.fixt. See the standard library reference for full documentation on all packages.
  2. //{./path} provides access to other arrai files relative to the current arrai file's parent directory (current working directory for expressions such as the arrai eval source that aren't associated with a file).
  3. //{/path} provides access to other arrai files relative to the root of the current module, looking for go.mod file backwards from the current directory.
  4. //{hostname/path} provides access to content from the internet
    1. //{github.com/foo/bar/baz}: access baz.arrai file in remote repository github.com/foo/bar
    2. //{github.com/foo/bar/a.json}: access a.json file in remote repository github.com/foo/bar
    3. //{foo.org/bar/}'random.arrai'///{https://foo.org/bar/random.arrai}: request content of https://foo.org/bar/random.arrai via HTTPS
    4. //{foo.org/bar/some.json}///{https://foo.org/bar/some.json}: request content of https://foo.org/bar/some.json via HTTPS
    5. //{foo.org/bar/some.yaml}///{https://foo.org/bar/some.yml}: request content of https://foo.org/bar/some.yaml via HTTPS, file extension can be yml or yaml